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War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II
Approximately six million Polish citizens,〔Project in Posterum, (Poland World War II casualties. ) Retrieved 20 September 2013.〕〔(Holocaust: Five Million Forgotten: Non-Jewish Victims of the Shoah. ) Remember.org.〕〔AFP/Expatica, ''(Polish experts lower nation's WWII death toll )'', Expatica.com, 30 August 2009〕〔Tomasz Szarota & Wojciech Materski, ''Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami'', Warsaw, IPN 2009, ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6 ((Introduction online. ))〕 divided nearly equally between Christian and Jewish Poles, perished during World War II. Most were civilians killed by the actions of Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union and their respective allies. At the Nuremberg Tribunal, three categories of wartime criminality were established: waging a war of aggression, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. These three core crimes of international law were set apart from other crimes, and for the first time since the end of the war categorised as violations of fundamental human values and norms. They were committed in occupied Poland on a tremendous scale.
In 1939 the invading forces totalled 1.5 million Germans, and nearly half a million Soviets. Throughout the entire course of occupation the territory of Poland was divided between Nazi Germany and the USSR. In the summer and autumn of 1941 the lands annexed by the Soviets were overrun by Nazi Germany in the course of the initially successful Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union. Both regimes engaged in campaigns of destruction purposed to eradicate the existence of a sovereign Poland, its cultural heritage and citizens. War crimes included deportations in cattle cars aimed at complete transformation of the ethnic character of these regions, mass executions and pacification actions, forced labor camps and extermination of the Jews, death marches, decimation of prisoner populations through hunger and disease as well as leveling of entire city districts and mobile killing campaigns. Both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union endorsed a program of genocide.〔
==The invasion of Poland (September 1939)==
From 1 September 1939, the war against Poland was intended as a fulfilment of the plan described by Adolf Hitler in his book ''Mein Kampf''. The main goal of the plan was to make all of Eastern Europe into the ''Lebensraum'' (living space) of Greater Germany. German historian Jochen Böhler observed that the war of annihilation did not begin with the Final Solution, but immediately after the attack on Poland. In order to inspire rage against the Poles and trigger broad public acceptance for total war (that is, war with no legal or moral limitations), the Goebbels propaganda soon published and distributed throughout Germany two books based on falsified information: ''Dokumente polnischer Grausamkeit'' (Documents of Polish Brutality) and the ''Polnische Blutschuld'' (Polish Blood Guilt).〔 The ISBN printed in the document (978–93–7629–481–0) is bad, causing a checksum error.〕 The ''Wehrmacht'' (the German armed forces) was sent out "to kill without mercy and reprieve all men, women and children of the Polish race", as ordered by Adolf Hitler in his speech to military commanders on 22 August 1939. This could be seen as an attempt to destroy the entire nation. The invading Germans believed that the Poles were racially inferior to them.
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